How to Set up an Ergonomic Computer Station

UK MEDICAL LAW Free Essay Example, 1000 words

UK Medical Law Courts Determine Best Interests The purpose of this study is to question why court decisions, as a result of using their inherent jurisdiction, is the final determination in the question of withholding or withdrawal of medical treatment in respect of children and neonates. To enable us to assess the validity of this position we have studied the judgement made in the case of LJ Wall, Wyatt v Portsmouth Hospital NHS Trust [2005] EWCA Civ 1181 para 112, and undertaken further research, both in the legal and medical field. We have found that â€Å"best interest† determination by courts are in most cases the only resolution the only way to reach a solution between the often-found conflict between the practical and qualitative views of the physician and the more emotion responses from parents. UK Medical Law Courts Determine Best Interests Is it fair that decisions by the courts are the concluding answer in cases where they have inherent jurisdiction? In the case of children and neonates should it be the case that courts are the final valid judgements on â€Å"best interests? † Who is best placed to make the decision to withhold or withdraw from children or neonates? We will write a custom essay sample on UK MEDICAL LAW or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now In assessing these questions, and more importantly the answers, we have studied both sides of the argument. Most dictionaries have difficulty in defining the phrase ‘Inherent Jurisdiction’. When using the terms in a legal context, particularly regarding a courts decision. When that decision relates to children and neonates, it means that the courts have an essential power, which they are charged to use in the best interests of the person in question. This is an immensely difficult role to fill, especially when that decision is the choice of whether to withhold or withdraw treatment. With regard to the decision makers in the case of withholding/withdrawal of medical treatment from children and neonates, there are only three groups of people who can even contemplate being part of the process. 1) The physician – medical profession 2) The parent – to include in rare cases the patient themselves 3) The courts – if those in one and two cannot agree or have a serious dispute. In the case of the physicians, the process by which they would arrive at an opinion leading to an answer is, partly of necessity, a more detached and clinical approach than that of the parents. They come to their conclusions regarding the question of withdrawal of medical treatment based upon facts, experience, medical history and their own in-depth medical examinations and observations of the individual patient.

Reasons For Choosing A Business Administration - 861 Words

One of the main reasons I chose to major in business administration, was that in the future I would use the skills I learned in school and open up my own business. Before this project I wasn’t too sure what options were out there. After doing research and from what I learned in class; I can either start my own business, purchase a franchise or become an independent/ consultant, which I would need some expertise for this option. I choose to purchase a franchise as opposed to starting my own business from scratch because I am not too sure in what direction or industry that business would be. The reason I choose to go with a franchise was because it is an already established product or service. The franchise I would like to open is a Wing Stop. Franchising is when a franchiser such as Wing Stop allows me, a franchisee, to pay it a fee and pay a share of the profit for using Wing Stop’s brand name and a package of material and services. Advantages of opening a franchise a s opposed to a brand new business is that, in a new business you have to figure out everything on your own, which basically means researching what is the service or product you are going to offer, is there a need that your product or service can satisfy. Once that is figured out the next step is to create a business plan, this helps your business have a vision or goal to aim for, and in order to get a bank to loan you money, a plan is necessary. Some other components in a business plan is, how are you as aShow MoreRelatedResume : Business Administration And Management1179 Words   |  5 PagesCareer in Business Administration and Management There are so many careers that one can go into and be successful. When it comes to choosing, or picking a career, some people get confused. This is often because they don’t know if they should go for a career they love and are passionate about, or if they should go for a career that pays more money. For someone who wishes to own a business someday, it will be advisable for the person to follow a career in the line of Business Administration and ManagementRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Execution Administration1587 Words   |  7 Pagesthe organization can influence their business to culminate way? For keep up this issue organization require some sort of framework. Execution administration is the one of process for organizations to gauge their workers capacity to pick up their objective. In 1980s, execution examination had supplanted by the expression Execution Management. As various disadvantages, the business association concentrated on execution administration. Execution administration is, an expert may see the executionRead MoreThe Job Position Of Market Research Analyst Essay760 Words   |  4 PagesLabor Statistics) ‘Market researchers are expected to soar in coming years.† The reason for this soaring rate is the way business want to compete with each other to advertise their brand. All companies need an economic and systematic way of accomplishing this goal. With knowing this it lets you know getting a job is very competitive companies want the most experience when choosing an applicant to make very important business decisions so trying to get all the experience you can whether that be internshipsRead MoreThe Business World Has Always Fascinated Me1004 Words   |  5 PagesThe Business world has always fascinated me. The way how the business wor ld and the technological world communicates and goes hand in hand has always been a matter of great interest. This is the main reason behind me choosing Business Analytics as my field of study. As analysts are considered professional mediators between the Business and the Technology world, I wish to work as one back in my home country; Nepal. I wish to bring together the tourism and technology industry for the better understandingRead MoreThe University Of North Carolina At Wilmington1315 Words   |  6 PagesWilmington. According to newly released facts by the Business Journal, the University of North Carolina at Wilmington was ranked as one of the top 50 business schools in the nation. This influences my desire to attend even more as I plan to major in business administration. People have different reasons for choosing their majors in college. I want to major in business administration because I enjoy helping people, and I enjoy math. Pursuing a degree in business will enable me to help others and put my mathematicalRead MoreThe Human Resources Information System978 Words   |  4 Pages(Human Resource Information Systems, n.d.). It’s very important for an HR director to be knowledgeable of this information, because maintaining a business will produce a ton of data, both identified with the business and identified with your representatives. You should have the capacity to outfit and secure this data in a framework for several distinct reasons. First and foremost, you don t need classified data about your association or workers getting into the wrong hands. Also, a human asset dataRead MoreThe Backgrounds of the Code945 Words   |  4 Pagesbeing one of the most important instruments regulating this field of law, is still not a kind of legislation . And its successor, the Combined Code has never been. It was not passed by the Parliament either but came from the committees representing business and financial interests and it is invoked only to the companies, listed above, and only within the boundaries of the principle of â€Å"comply or explain†. The ‘comply or explain’ approach is taken by all the reports and codes in UK, including this newRead MoreReduced Cost : Cloud Technology754 Words   |  4 Pagesspared can be utilized for other vital assets. †¢ Increased Storage: Organizations can store more data than on private computer systems. †¢ Highly Automated: IT faculty not expected to stay up with the latest as support is the occupation of the administration supplier on the cloud. †¢ More Mobility: Employees can get to data wherever they are, as opposed to needing to stay at their work areas. †¢ Allows IT to Shift Focus: probably won t needing to stress over consistent server overhauls and otherRead MoreChoosing the Business Structures for Our Business962 Words   |  4 PagesWhen choosing the business structures for our business, we had to look at all the business structure, which are being used in the UK. The main 4, which we discussed and looked at, were sole traders, business partnerships, private limited companies, and public limited companies. Looking at our company we consisted of 9 people who were actually running and would own the company, so the option of being a sole trader wasn’t obtainable for us, as in a partnership it would have meant that there couldRead MoreThe Golden Path After Graduating1298 Words   |  6 Pages He finished two years of diploma degree of business administration. _The diploma in Saudi Arabia consider as a half bachelor degree_ He worked for two year. Before he got employed, he liked his major ,but after he got employed things are changed. He was lucky, his wife got a scholarship. As it in our scholarship rules, the women could take his husband to study abroad with her and also vice versa. He had the chance to complete the bachelor in business admiration. However, he started again from the

Privacy And Security Privacy Vs. Security - 1503 Words

Privacy versus Security Privacy is something that is valuable, and gives trust to both sides. Everyone is endowed with some degree of privacy, right? The debate of the topic privacy versus security has been going on for a while. Most people believe privacy is more important, giving people the chance to be relaxed without anyone watching them, literally or figuratively speaking. Governments believe that security is more important, claiming it will help with terrorism and lower the crime rate. If we allow this to happen, then as an example, the government could monitor our phones conversations, what web sites we visit, the games or programs we download, even where we go throughout our day by tracking us on the GPS unit in our smartphones. Privacy is more important than security because students around the globe want to feel their governments, their employers, and their friends do not need to have cameras or GPS units monitor their every move. Governments asking for master keys for the products their citiz ens use does not instill a feeling of trust by the government in its citizens, it instills fear and resentment. Many european countries have positioned themselves in a way that allows them to monitor their citizens, dictate lifestyles to their citizens, control access to the internet, and manipulate what the media talks about or the positions that are supported. Much of this is done in the name of security for the greater good of all its citizens, and many of those sameShow MoreRelatedThe Security Vs. Privacy1537 Words   |  7 Pages1. At stake are two forces representing a critical dilemma of the post-2001 world: security vs. privacy. Fighting for security, the FBI is seeking â€Å"backdoor† access to the iPhone in question that was used by one of the two suspects in the San Bernardino shooting in December 2015. Defending privacy is Apple, Inc., designer and marketer of the Apple iPhone. The two suspects under investigation are linked with known terrorist groups, possibly ISIS, with definitive proof of these links locked away inRead MorePrivacy vs. Security961 Words   |  4 PagesPrivacy Versus Security The debate regarding the usage of street cameras in Lebanon has been going on since at least 2005. With the amount of violence and corruption that routinely takes place throughout Beirut and other surrounding areas, there are governmental proponents for the usage of such cameras in an attempt to deter future acts of violence. Prior to the middle of the last decade, however, Lebanon was not a place in which video recording in public places routinely took place. As such,Read MorePrivacy vs. Security Essay1261 Words   |  6 Pagesare in place now, it’s a constant struggle to balance security with privacy. Privacy laws should be revised completely in order to create a better happy medium between security and privacy. 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Privacy In The Modern Age†(2016), January Mughal proposed that althoughRead MoreEssay on Privacy vs. Security2616 Words   |  11 PagesPrivacy vs. Security Introduction Pictures seen in homes across America and throughout the world of American symbols in flames and crashing a quarter mile to the ground changed the world forever. The worlds last and only superpower had been attacked in a way only conceivable in a Hollywood script. However, the physical destruction that resulted was not necessarily the biggest loss that the United States faced. The emotional destruction of Americans could be considered much greater and canRead MoreIndividual Privacy vs National Security5833 Words   |  24 PagesIndividual Privacy VS National Security John Williams ENG 122: GSE 1244A Instructor: Ebony Gibson November 1, 2012 Individual Privacy VS National Security Introduction Since the terrorist attack of 9/11, America has been in a high level conflict with terrorist around the world, particularly the group known as Al Qaeda. There has been many discussions within the U.S. Congress about the measures of how to effectively combat this organization and their members, here and abroad. ConsequentlyRead MorePersonal Privacy Vs. National Security1348 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Privacy vs. National Security An example of history repeating itself is the similarity of the sequence of events between the Palmer Raids and the NSA’s PRISM program. Both of these events in U.S. history started with Americans calling on the government for protection. The government then responded by creating programs to protect, but while working to protect the government in both events used illegal practices. These practices soon were leaked which caused americans to not support the government’sRead MoreIndividual Privacy vs. National Security1770 Words   |  8 PagesIndividual Privacy vs. National Security Individual Privacy vs. National Security is something that many people have argued for years. Many people have forgotten what a disturbance September 11, 2001 was to everyone in America. This was the day that 2,992 lives were stolen in the attacks by the Taliban on U.S. soil. Due to this attack the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) along with the Federal Government has put in place many new security regulations. Many people have lostRead MoreNational Security Vs. Personal Privacy1838 Words   |  8 Pages The topic of national security vs. personal privacy, in recent events, has been very controversial regarding which is more appropriate. On one hand, the government can search through personal, private files without any consent from the owner, thus making the information no longer private. The opposing side argues that the government is invading personal privacy of innocent civilians, violating the Fourth Amendment Rights to prohibit unreasonable searches and se izures. Both have valid points, bothRead MoreNational Security Vs. Digital Privacy1735 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica, the optimal solution thus far is enhancing security throughout the nation. By doing so, policies, procedures, and protocols would be amended for the sole purpose of protecting the country. Such alterations should be made because it prevents crime in a timely, reliable, and successful manner, whilst preserving the fundamental rights of all United States Citizens. In light of the controversy over national security versus digital privacy, the government should partake in international surveillance

Acting free essay sample

The lights shone from the ceiling, the air was cold and still. I was so nervous I couldn’t hear anything but my own breath, not even the thunderous clapping coming from the near distance. Then the audience became silent, as if they were holding their breath. I had to hold myself together, despite my thumping heart and sweaty palms. As soon as I spoke my first line, I felt another person coming to life inside of me. Nothing in this world could be more exciting than acting. When I was in elementary school in Taiwan, one year we were all asked to be a part of the school play, â€Å"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.† I ended up with the biggest part, playing Snow White. Even though I stayed after school every day to practice, I couldn’t overcome my fear of performing in front of hundreds of people. I almost fainted on stage that day. We will write a custom essay sample on Acting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Never will I do this again, I vowed. But time has gone by, and my attitude towards acting has changed so much. When I am on stage, I get to be another person for an evening. That’s the greatest thing about acting; I get to live so many different lives. â€Å"It takes ten years of hard work behind stage to present a brilliant show for ten minutes on stage.† I couldn’t agree more with this Chinese saying. Acting is about creating and inhabiting the personality and thoughts of the character. Although at times acting can be challenging and strenuous, seeing an audience get carried away is priceless.

Comparative Essay- Booker T. Washington W.E.B. Dubois free essay sample

Dubois was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts in a town made up of 5,000 whites, with only 50 blacks. As for education, both men were highly advanced. Washington attended Hampton Normal Agricultural Institute in Virginia and graduated with high marks, eventually becoming a professor there. Dubois attended Great Barrington High School and became the sole black student to graduate. He eventually went on to attending Harvard Law School and became the first black man to earn a PhD there. Over the course of their lives, both grew to become very accomplished men. Washington became the founder of Tuskegee Normal amp; Industrial Institute and wrote the Atlanta Compromise. He was also the first black man invited to the White House. Dubois became the founder of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) and won a Lenin Peace Prize as well as his many academic successes. Both men were very large figures in civil rights in the late 19th century. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Essay- Booker T. Washington W.E.B. Dubois or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However they had very different views when it came to the philosophical approach of achieving these rights. Washington believed that blacks should accept racial discrimination for the time being and concentrate on socially furthering themselves through hard work. He believed that African Americans could earn the respect and civil equality that they desired from whites by having education in physical skills and high virtues. Dubois, while agreeing that African Americans should improve their education and further themselves in society, was outraged by racial injustice and inequality and demanded his rights instead of just excusing the racism. The 19th century was blessed to have such men as Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Dubois. Without these historical figures, who knows where African Americans would be today. If these men lived today they would be overwhelmed to see that they made a change in society, that today blacks and whites are friends in society, that they have equal rights, can work the same jobs, read the same books, and live in the same neighborhoods as the white men, and we even have a black president.

Victorian Era Outline free essay sample

Creates ICC, supposed to regulate commerce, but hard to enforce. First step toward regulating monopolies. F. Credit Mobile Scandal Politicians profit nag from railroads. D. Republicans control government; however, they are split between the Stalwart and Half- Breed factions. II. Corruption in the cities was prevalent in Gilded Age society. A. A political machine controls who gets elected within a city. It is also known as the boss system or machine politics. A. Boss Tweed A political boss in New York, where this system was strong. He used the influx of new immigrants to get votes.Government leaders would then have to give these immigrants kick-backs and money from government projects. B. The boss system had positives. It provided services and infrastructure for cities. However, the system was above the law and could control judges and politicians. C. There was a change in immigration during this time-period. Before 1880, immigrants came from Germany and the British Isles. We will write a custom essay sample on Victorian Era Outline or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These immigrants were highly literate and shared similar cultures, therefore assimilation was easy. After 1880, immigrants came from the Mediterranean and Slavic-areas. These immigrants were illiterate and impoverished.They didnt have similar cultures and they were strongly disdained in America. Ill. People were getting sick of corruption in the Gilded Age. They began to fight back through various political movements and parties. This fight laid an infrastructure for the Progressive Era. A. Farmers faced a number of difficulties during this time period. A. Land wasnt as productive due to natural disaster and overuse. B. Land was easy to tax. C. Barbed wire, fertilizer, and harvesters were all owned by trusts who pushed prices very high. D. Railroads drove up prices of their transportation. E. Farmers cant organize. F.Rising prices with a lower cost of goods lead to farmers not being able to pay back their debts. B. The farmers, who accounted for half the population, organized with the Farmers Alliance party. This turned into the Peoples Party, better known as the populists. C. The populist party platform: g. Free coinage of silver. H. Graduated income tax based on wealth. I. Government takeover of utilities. J. Direct election of senators and one-term limit on presidents. Initiatives and Referendums for civilians to control municipal issues. Shorter workday. (They united with citizens in the cities and factories. . Immigration restriction. (The above were natives. ) n. Solicited black vote. 1. Black participation only increased anti-voting laws in the South. D. William Jennings Bryan led the Populist Party in the Election of 1892. You will not crucify America upon a cross of gold, was part of a speech which helped make him famous. It called for the free coinage of silver. E. Republicans fought the Democrats and the Populist by raising massive amounts of money from the industrialists and bankers who feared free silver. F. Voting levels increase. G. Civil Service Reform had its roots in this era.

Literature essay Essay Example

Literature essay Paper My own attitude to the science fiction movies Some people respond differently to works of art such as science fiction and other forms of fiction. Personally I found that science fiction is based on a form of sociological study of the future in that the author seem to believe that the things that they are writing are going to happen in the future. With science fiction, one is able to follow a mathematical or logical projection of the future. In the past, I have read genre fiction. The manner in which science fiction extrapolates and draws from what the reader knows about science and reality is what draws me to genre fiction. The manner in which genre fiction attracts me through its unevenness and unbound less to the confines of law makes it more interesting as one tries to anticipate what is going to happen. Information literacy The study of literacy writing definitely alters the manner in which I appreciate genre writing. The amount of time and energy that authors take to come up with genre writing is incredible and the manner in which they embed the message is fascinating. From Bradburys viewpoint, his narrative skills enables one to participate I what is unfolding in the novel. There is an anticipation by the reader to know the impacts of what has been created and how the new system that is being introduced will work. The styles employed are effective. This is due to the manner in which readers are able to get a mental imagery that the author intended to portray. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Literature essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Literature essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The major theme in the story is the articulation of the interconnections between the past the present and the future. One particular part is where a single butterfly dies and there is a massive alteration to the world that they initially knew.

What I Know free essay sample

I stare at the Hamlet poster every morning in creative writing class,and it never changes. It is always the same poster, the same cast in alphabeticalorder, the same obscure message at the bottom in the same soft orange font:At Theaters Soon. I guess the posters constancy is what ropes in myeyes and ties them up like young hooves in a cattle kings ring. All else that ispermanent and palpable in the room dissolves, leaving this one vivid window intoa scene of another time, leaving me to rely on a freeze-frame of a modernadaptation of anothers historic reverie and peerless genius. Still,despite all these imaginings, I must be careful. I must be careful not to makethe boy in black (whose seat is under the spectacle) think I could be staring athim. I wouldnt want him to add my supposed incessant gaping to his tragicfreak log. We will write a custom essay sample on What I Know or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He doesnt want to believe that I am just like him. I am justlike every one of those cloaked ultraists who mope around school in their darkresistance decor. With my clean white shirt and ironed corduroys, it is twisteddiscrimination. You couldnt be like us, they say, but I will always know weshould have been great friends. The time is over now the three bellsalways sound like antecedents to department-store announcements (Customerneeds assistance in the shoe department, please ) and it is time forpsychology. I always think about my best friend in psychology because she has thesame class at the same time in Michigan. I picture her bedroom the way it waswhen I went to visit her, the profoundly green walls and the bay window withflowing tails of white and gold gossamer that frame the forever flatness ofcentral Michigan. It is a beautiful room. She hung the framed Degas poster I gaveher for her sixteenth birthday, a sort of symbol of my indomitable knowledge ofher pastimes. She is a wonderful dancer. Theres a Degas poster in creativewriting class, too, and sometimes when Im not looking into Hamlet, Ilet myself think about her. Sometimes I feel Ive begun to see howeverything in this life becomes connected, even if only for a while; even if youstill believe you can hear the fluttering recoil of things gone by. Maybe thatsthe way things stay undeniably allied, inside hopeful minds and the empty roomsof our hearts. In Spanish class I always think about my father. The way hedied, the way he was before he died, the way every window of every building inthis school district is exactly the same, but they look different now. I dontgaze through them as I used to. Now I ream the glass with pensive eyes,mysterious eyes, boring through to the outside world in a bitter, scared anduntrusting trance. My father suffered a stroke in 1993 that left him with a badleg, a cadenced walk to replace his robust stride, a cane, a stagnant arm,phantom pain, and five years of illness and anger that led to the eventualatrophy of my parents marriage. Three and a half years ago, I was theonly one with my father when he died of a massive heart attack in the very housewhere I sit and write this. Its taken me a long time to be able to fall asleephere, not counting the times Ive passed out from utter lack of rest. My sleepwas perpetually wracked by the face of my dying father that only I witnessed andabsorbed. He died just months before I entered high school. And I harbor such aninconceivable amount of guilt for all the times I had fought with him, all thetimes I had made him hang his head for the hurtful things he said. I was thedominant voice in my household because in my preteen irrationality, I couldntunderstand his illness. I know that now. I also know everything bears somepurpose, whether obvious or not, and all things happen as they must, no matterhow great the burden, or unbearable the pain. I am not sure if this personalstatement draws any admiration from you, or leads you through my subjective pathsin semi-certain terms. I have laid out all I can, and all that has any pertinenceto the real world (as much of reality as a suburban Cincinnati teen can know). Iknow what I dont know, and that has been enough for me so far.

Biography Of Henry Ford Essays - Protocols Of The Elders Of Zion

Biography Of Henry Ford Essays - Protocols Of The Elders Of Zion Biography of Henry Ford Henry Ford was one of the most brilliant entrepreneurs in creating the automobile assembly line, it was his controversial characteristics and unorthodox approach towards administrating the Ford Motor Company which resulted in the conglomeration of one of the most successful corporations in the world. At the turn of the century everything was booming! The growth of the economy and stock market increased the job opportunities as well as morals. As a result of this industrial revolution, out of the woodwork came a humble yet driven man, Henry Ford. Between the five dollar/day plan, his policies on administrating the company, and his relations with his customers, Ford was often presented as a suspicious character. This controversial behavior epitomized the success of the company, it did not lead to his own downfall as many suspect. The Anti-Semitic accusations, and the belief that Ford was taking advantage of his customers, were by far overshadowed by his brilliance and strong hand in running his company. Of course, there were not always supporters of Henry Ford. If fact, there were many critics, critics who believed that Henry Ford was so controversial that it prevented the potential of Fords from becoming greater than it is today. By the mid twenties the Ford?s was already the worlds most successful automobile company, but their great reputation would soon decline. Fords $5/day plan for all employees signified the overwhelming success of the company. Many believed this success was short-lived with the new policies dealing with the workers which soon followed. With the need to increase production and lower costs, in the mid 30?s Ford cut all Ford worker?s wages in half. Workers were expected to work faster, and harder. Department heads were ordered to ban all talking and whistling while work was in progress. All of this was a ploy by Ford to make sure he knew every move of his workers, he was very possessive. Secondly, Ford began to fire older workers and hire younger workers. His ideology was that the younger workers could work more productively and more efficiently. Which in turn would send more money flowing into his pockets. What resulted was quite humorous in fact. Black hair dye became a hot seller in the Detroit area . Older workers tried to disguise their age by dying their hair black. Ford?s manipulation of his workers was immoral and unjust. There was no industrial democracy, workers were forced to do what they were told or would be out of a job. Henry Ford?s controversial behavior reflected badly on himself and on the Ford Motor Company. The Anti-Semitic views expressed by Henry Ford could never be denied. It was common knowledge in fact that Henry Ford was prejudice. He wrote an article in the Dearborn Independent expressing his ideas that Jews were the cause of many peoples problems. Henry Ford was sued by a man by the name Aaron Sapiro in the early 1930?s. Sapiro had evidence that Ford threatened himself with Anti-Semitic sentiments. Ford was recorded as saying, ?Sapiro is a shrewd little Jew. The bible says Jews will return to Palestine, but they want to get all the money out of America first. Sapiro should be kicked out because he is trash..? The result of the trial was humiliation for the Ford company and Henry Ford himself. After a hung jury in the first trial, the case was dropped when Ford wrote a lengthy retraction and apologized for his statements. Ford?s was declining in profits and production among the worlds best. All as a result of Henry Ford?s ego. Thus, by 1931 Ford lowered in the ranks, controlling only 28% of the market 2nd to GM with 31%. Henry Ford was the godfather of the automobile industry in the early 1900?s. The development of his River Rouge plant was considered a ?industrial Cathedral.? Hundreds waited month after month in front of the employment building hoping to be hired. To foreign immigrants it meant hope and a successful future. The River Rouge plant employed over 50,000 employees. Pols, Lithuanians, Germans, almost every western Europe country could be represented at the Ford Plant. Like a father Henry Ford began educational programs, teaching his illiterate employees how

Medea Essay

Medea Essay Medea and Jason are the two main characters in the play Medea. They are two different characters who have very few similarities. Medea is a passionate woman who takes relationships seriously. However, Jason is a dispassionate, hedonistic manipulator of women. These characters were once a lovely couple who loved each other. These characters are the ones who create the climax of the whole play. These two remarkable characters are exceptional for their unique traits. Medea used to show Jason her love for him by sacrificing many things for him. For instance, Medea killed many people for the sake of Jason. Jason, however, didnt help Medea at all, because he is a shallow character and a manipulator of women. For example, Medea sacrificed her reputation and life for her heartless husband, and he only gave her misfortunes. In the past, Medea was married to Jason, and he got in trouble many times. Once Jason stole the Golden Fleece from Medeas family. Medeas father chased after them but she killed her brother so the father would bury him and would not chase them. As a result, Medea killed her brother just to be with Jason. This gave her misfortunes because she could not even see her own father and had to kill her own brother. Medea is a revengeful person and a sorceress. She uses her magic to take revenge on other people. Medea made poison from her sorcery, which she uses to poiso n the present of the Princess. Then she kills Creon and the Princess to take revenge from Jason. Jason is an arrogant and hedonist person. He used other people to get power and live happier. As I said before, Jason once stole the Golden Fleece from Medeas family. Medeas father chased after them but she killed her brother so the father would bury him and would not chase them. As a result, Medea killed her brother just to be with Jason. He used Medea there to have the Golden Fleece and live happy and didnt care what happened to her. Jason is a person who is obsessed in increasing his social level and also his power. He manipulated Medea to make kill his brother when he stole the Golden Fleece from her father. Although Jason and Medea have many differences, they have few similarities. Medea and Jason are very honest persons. They express their feelings of hatred to each other without even thinking about hurting each others feelings, this is not the first occasion that I have noticed how hopeless it is to deal with a stubborn temper. (pg. 15-20). Another similarity about these characters is that they both love their own children. Medea doesnt want to kill her children but she has to because people will make them suffer if he left them alive. Medea demonstrates that she loves her children by saying oh children, oh my children, you have a city, you have a home, and you can leave me behind you, and without your mother you may live there forever. But I am going to exile to another land before I have seen you happy and taken pleasure in you, before I have dressed your brides and made your marriage beds. And held up the torch at the ceremony of wedding. (pg. 33-35). She also killed her children t o make Jason suffer. Nevertheless, Jason goes to protect his children because he is afraid when Medea dies, his children will suffer too, so he goes to save them. When he went to rescue his children, he said, you women , standing close in front of this dwelling, is she Medea, she who did this dreadful deed, still in the house or has she run away in flight? For she will have to hide herself beneath the earth, or raise herself on wings into the height of air, if she wished to escape the royal vengeance. Does she imagine that, having killed our rulers, she will herself escape uninjured from this house? But I am thinking not so much of hers as for the children-her the kings friends will make you suffer for what she did. So u have come to save the lives of my boys, in case the royal house should harm them while taking my vengeance for their mothers wicked deed. (pg. 42). Also, these two characters are very determined in their tasks. Medea shows her determination by accomplishing her task s of killing the Princess and King Creon. Furthermore, Jason is also a very determined person. He shows his determination little by little by trying to get more power. He also tries to raise his social status by marrying other Princesses from other countries. Although Medea is a loving mother who is misunderstood by many people., she is also an evil person who achieves her evil plots at any costs, even if she has to kill her own children. However, she was not like this before. Before, she was loving and caring towards a man called Jason, who abandoned her and made her into this murderess. If She had never met Jason, she could have had a better life and she wouldnt be a murderess. You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Medea topics at our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with custom papers written by highly qualified academic writers. High quality and no plagiarism guarantee! Get professional essay writing help at an affordable cost.

Prehistoric Life During the Cenozoic Era

Prehistoric Life During the Cenozoic Era Facts About the Cenozoic Era The Cenozoic Era is easy to define: its the stretch of geologic time that kicked off with the Cretaceous/Tertiary Extinction that destroyed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, and continues down to the present day. Informally, the Cenozoic Era is often referred to as the age of mammals, since it was only after the dinosaurs went extinct that mammals had the chance to radiate into various open ecological niches and dominate terrestrial life on the planet. This characterization is somewhat unfair, however, since (non-dinosaur) reptiles, birds, fish, and even invertebrates also thrived during the Cenozoic! Somewhat confusingly, the Cenozoic Era is divided into various periods and epochs, and scientists dont always use the same terminology when describing their research and discoveries. (This situation stands in stark contrast to the preceding Mesozoic Era, which is more-or-less neatly divided into the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.) Heres an overview of the subdivisions of the Cenozoic Era; just click on the appropriate links to see more in-depth articles about the geography, climate and prehistoric life of that period or epoch. The Periods and Epochs of the Cenozoic Era The Paleogene period (65-23 million years ago) was the age when the mammals began their rise to dominance. The Paleogene comprises three separate epochs: * The Paleocene epoch (65-56 million years ago) was fairly quiet in evolutionary terms. This is when the tiny mammals that survived the K/T Extinction first tasted their newfound freedom and began to tentatively explore new ecological niches; there were also plenty of plus-sized snakes, crocodiles and turtles. * The Eocene epoch (56-34 million years ago) was the longest epoch of the Cenozoic Era. The Eocene witnessed a vast profusion of mammalian forms; this was when the first even- and odd-toed ungulates appeared on the planet, as well as the first recognizable primates. * The Oligocene epoch (34-23 million years ago) is notable for its change in climate from the preceding Eocene, which opened up even more ecological niches for mammals. This was the epoch when certain mammals (and even some birds) began to evolve to respectable sizes. The Neogene period (23-2.6 million years ago) witnessed the continuing evolution of mammals and other forms of life, many of them to enormous sizes. The Neogene comprises two epochs: * The Miocene epoch (23-5 million years ago) takes up the lions share of the Neogene. Most of the mammals, birds and other animals that lived during this time would have been vaguely recognizable to human eyes, though often considerably bigger or stranger. * The Pliocene epoch (5-2.6 million years ago), often confused with the ensuing Pleistocene, was the time when many mammals migrated (often via land bridges) into the territories that they continue to inhabit during the present day. Horses, primates, elephants, and other animal types continued to make evolutionary progress. The Quaternary period (2.6 million years ago to the present) is, so far, the shortest of all the earths geologic periods. The Quaternary comprises two even shorter epochs: * The Pleistocene epoch (2.6 million-12,000 years ago) is famous for its large megafauna mammals, such as the Woolly Mammoth and the Saber-Toothed Tiger, that died off at the end of the last Ice Age (thanks partly to climate change and predation by the earliest humans). * The Holocene epoch (10,000 years ago-present) comprises pretty much all of modern human history. Unfortunately, this is also the epoch when many mammals, and other forms of life, have gone extinct due to the ecological changes wrought by human civilization.

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 29

Personal statement - Essay Example The marriage was rocked with physical abuse inflicted in me by my so called husband and domestic violence became the order of the day in our home. Eventually I decided to move out and seek a domestic violence shelter not only for my safety but that of my child as well whom I did not want to grow up in such an abusive environment from a tender age. During that time, I had no knowledge of the legal proceedings that married couples underwent in case of divorce and hence when I was served with the divorce papers, I eagerly signed them without even knowing that it was possible for me to contest it in order to receive a fair share of property from my marriage. However, I got a lawyer later on and it is this lawyer that helped me put my acts together and gave me the strength to go on living and fighting to rebuild my life once again. I was able to stay positive and overcome several obstacles until now I can stand on my two feet and be able to support myself and my son without any support. This traumatizing period of my life taught me a lot but what I remember most vividly is how legal help can assist women undergoing what I went through and help them put their lived back together on the right track. Many give up and face so many obstacles and challenges that lead them to destitution. Lawyers committed and dedicated to their work can offer skills and logic all based on law and which can inspire and motivate the women not to give up on their lives and that of their children simply because of the traumas of that dark period of their lives. I would like to study law simply for this sole reason of assisting women undergoing difficult divorces and domestic violence cases and who have lost all hope. I would like my experience and my legal position, skills and abilities be not only an inspiration and motivator but also a stepping stone to their ultimate

Issues in International Event Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Issues in International Event Management - Essay Example Corporate sponsorship can also be defined as a part of cause marketing where organsiations try to create and enhance the goodwill along with boosting the overall revenue structure. Corporate sponsorship can be considered as a nice medium through which small and medium organisations increase their visibility and public profile in an effective and efficient manner (Barr, 1993). It needs to be mentioned that corporate sponsorships are meant to enhance the overall appeal and image of organsiations. Corporate sponsorships help in differentiating organsiations from competitors along with developing and enhancing closer relationships with existing and potential customers. It also offers a chance to highlight the products and services of the organsiation along with getting rid of the obsolete inventories through distributing it as a part of the reward and award strategy (Brynes, 1994). There is no denying that advertising enhances the appeal and reach of an organsiation by impacting and infl uencing the buying behaviour of customers. However, corporate sponsorship is an ideal way of competing with large organsiations having larger advertising budgets. In addition to this, tickets for sponsoring events can be used as an incentive for suppliers, customers, employees and other stakeholders that will not only help in enhancing the overall relationship but also earning their loyalty and gratitude that is always beneficial to survive in the competitive business environment. The discussion aims at highlighting the role and importance of corporate sponsorship in the event industry. The idea is to underpin the importance of events in the business and social environment and role of corporate sponsorships in creating mutual value by sponsoring events and programs. There is no denying that a number of events are sponsored by a number of organsiations that help in gaining mass attention along with enhancing the overall appeal and value in the short as well as in the long run. A crit ical and logical discussion over the importance of corporate sponsorship in the event industry will help in understanding the intricacies of events and corporate sponsorships in a clear and logical manner. This will also highlight the emergence of corporate sponsorships in last few years. It is important to mention that there is a close relationship between sponsors and sponsees. A sport brand sponsoring a sport event is evenly matched and linked with the event that not only enhances its image but also helps in extending its reach in a great manner. When the Cricket World Cup was held in Asia, a number of sponsors were sponsoring the event where their logos, danglers and advertisements were shown during the entire event. This created a long lasting image in the mind and hearts of viewers that also helped in strengthening the overall image of organsiations in the competitive business environment. It needs to be understood that corporate sponsorship in the event industry is mainly aim ed at enhancing the overall reach of organsiations along with extracting wide arrays of benefits and advantages. As per the report published by IEG, the sponsorship market is growing at a rate of 5% per annum with countries like the US, Europe and Asia Pacific spending a lot on sponsorship. It can be assumed that with large number of corporate organsiations in these countries and a number of events being held, corporate sponsor

A Strategy for Success of Proctor & Gamble Assignment

A Strategy for Success of Proctor & Gamble - Assignment Example They are also informed of the parameters of the problem to be solved in order to solve it appropriately. Engaging the teams in the prior activities is vital for the entire process, as it ensures that teams are handling a problem they fully understand (Hayes 36). On the contrary, the more time the team spends on the Clay Street, the more the cost to the company. Â  The key objective of the teams that visit Clay Street is to find solutions to problems facing companies. Generation of innovative products is vital for every company that seeks market advantage. P & G have realized this potential, and send teams to Clay Street develop ideas that will ensure they remain top on the market. The time the team takes at Clay Street determines the relevance of processes the team is involved. Enough time is required to ensure that the desired results for all processes are met (Hayes 24). Â  It is clear that selecting a competitive team and sending it to a separate location to ponder over a certain problem must produce positive results. It is advisable for all companies to be sending out teams to meditate upon their products in the market and the way they can improve. Facilitators would be equally important because they help the teams familiarize with the parameters of the problem (Hayes 32). The type of training with periodical training on the market trends is preferable.

Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Leadership - Assignment Example The operations function plays a significant role in transformations of inputs into finished products and services, in any successful organization. Operations are directly responsible for decisions and activities relating to design of product and delivery issues. Resourceful implementation of this goal adds value to productivity of an organization as it; determines how material resources are consumed in the production of products, checks on quantities of available inventory in line with the demand of the customers, and determines whether what is produced match the wants of customers. Continuous improvement in the efficiency of operations and functions affects the productivity of an organization in a number of ways. When referring to efficiency in organizational operations, it entails ensuring effectiveness in activities such as suitable and effective communication link between the operations and related business functions. Operations management works hand in hand with business functions such as the purchasing and marketing function; in an organization’s supply chain, in order to understand the demands of specific group of customers. The operations managers achieve this function by designing products that exactly meet the demands of customers and creation of production processes that efficiently produce these products. Meanwhile, the marketing function must properly understand the capabilities and limitation of the operations in producing the desired products and services. Moreover, the operations must work closely with purchasing to comprehend readiness o f material required, cost and quality of material and the reliability of suppliers. Therefore, operations must understand the needs of customers; ensure timely sourcing of material to support product design. Through continuous improvements in communication routines between the operations, purchasing and marketing function, the organization finds itself in a place where it produces

Leisure and toursim policy - choosen topic is future of london toursim Essay

Leisure and toursim policy - choosen topic is future of london toursim and international toursim in general - Essay Example als and evening based economic activity driven by theatres, cinemas, restaurants, bars, public houses, nightclubs and casinos, all of which attract tourists and day visitors as well as residents. [1] On the other hand, it has to be noticed that tourism is not a clear-cut sector but an all-embracing and pervasive domain of service and industrial activities. It touches upon almost all spheres of national life within the country and that is particularly the reason why a sound state policy of tourism should be essentially formulated before any significant tourism investment projects are launched. As rightly put by MacCannell, tourism is an ideological framing of history, nature and tradition; a framing that has the power to reshape culture and nature to its own needs (MacCannell 1992). Regarding specifically the leisure activities, it has been found that the participation of the public to them is really significant. A characteristic example could be the case of U.S. where the participati on of people of all ages in the leisure activities is noticeable. More specifically, according to the 1994-1995 National Survey on Recreation and the Environment, most U.S. residents over 16 years old participate in fitness activities (68.3%), swimming, (54.2%), and walking (66.7%) (Cordell 1999). As for Britain it has been found [7] that the types of leisure activities preferred by the public are differentiated from that of U.S. with nearly nine in ten adult viewers in the United Kingdom to watch television every day of the week in 2003, with nearly a quarter of viewers watching it for two to three hours a day. UK residents made a record 42.9 million holiday trips abroad in 2004, an increase from 6.7 million in 1971; Spain was the most popular destination, followed by France [7]. In order to define tourism policy we should primarily describe tourism. In this context, according to a broad definition [6] tourism is a service industry, comprising a number of tangible and intangible

Gallery Review - Nancy Lang Essay Example for Free

Gallery Review Nancy Lang Essay Today, the 9th of March, I have heard of the Pyo Gallery, and as soon as I heard that it was in Wangjing, I changed my plan from going to the Dashanzi District to trying the new place. It was hidden in several other galleries. I was lucky to get there before the exhibition time was over. The owner was a Korean, who kindly explained some paintings for me. I was glad to find out that they currently had an exhibition of Nancy Langs art. I have always wanted to find out more about Nancy Lang ever since I have seen her in person at the art fare I have been to, in Korea last summer. There was her trademark series of Taboo Yogini paintings of which I have seen one piece of it before. Among all of the paintings that looked similar in overall size and image, I preferred this particular painting the most. Nancy Lang is an American born-Korean Pop artist who is very young and innovative. This piece of her is named the Taboo Yogini, Swinger and has an enormous size of 210 x 175 cm. She used mixed media on canvas to create this huge piece. This painting was finished in the year 2006, when she was 27. On this humungous canvas, there is a big character in the middle which has the body of a robot and a head of a girl with some abstract and obscure figures as legs. The subject has a basket full of tennis balls in its right hand. The light-blue background is solid with no value. The most interesting aspect about this art piece is the mysterious figure placed in the center holding the viewers attention. This piece looks more like a collage than a painting with images attached on the screen. The positive space is the one and only subject on the canvas. The body, which appears to be a robot, contains the three primary colors with a considerable amount of white. These colors together form a fancy image of a childs robot toy, attracting the viewers eyes to the center of the figure, which is where the head is placed. An image of the head of a human girl is used, juxtaposing the robot body. In the figures right hand there is a basket of lime green tennis balls. In the lower part of the art piece, as the legs of the main subject there are two obscure figures that could be hardly described. On the left side there is a fan shaped quadrilateral printed on a shiny material, and on the right side there is a figure that seems like a mixture of blood vessels and bones. The objects do not seem to have any connection between them, but as a whole they get together very well forming one huge body. The negative space is painted in one tone of light-blue, which helps the subject to stand out. Unlike its visual texture the actual texture of the piece is very smooth just like a painting. Nancy Lang is famous for her mysterious art pieces and unconventional performances. She is a multi-talented young woman who wants to be famous and rich, according to her own words. She actually has played a violin in the middle of a street wearing Victoria Secret lingerie and red high heels with kabuki style makeup. In her series of Taboo Yogini, she mixes up diverse icons to create a sort of cyborg that she declares to be the ironical face of the democracies we live in. According to her, this character Yogini, which originally means a yoga trainee, points to an existence between an angel and devil. So the name of her series Taboo Yogini is in a way representing both good and bad. I think the half-robots that appear on her pieces also represent Nancy Lang herself and the various different sides of her. Nancy Langs paintings are very obscure and difficult to understand. When I first looked at this piece, I was totally blown away by the innovative design of the image. However, I could never see the ironical face of the democracies before I read the explanation. These mystical figures, which look almost like monsters, keep appearing on her canvases expanding the viewers imagination and interpretation of them. Still, I think they are insufficient to clearly deliver the authors true intention of creating such images. Nevertheless, it is impossible for one to see through the genuine mind of an author. I really like Nancy Lang and her innovative spirit. She is afraid of nothing, even the awkward stare of others.

Metacognitive Awareness Of Reading Strategies And Critical Reading

Metacognitive Awareness Of Reading Strategies And Critical Reading Researchers believe that awareness and monitoring of ones comprehension processes are critically important for skilled reading. Such awareness and monitoring processes are often referred to as metacognition. Recent researches show that metacognitive strategies differentiate between effective and ineffective learners i.e. the more a student knows about how he learns, the better he will learn. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between metacognitive awareness of reading strategies and critical reading ability of the students. To this end, 113 third/forth year Iranian college students majoring in English translation/literature, aged around 21-36 were selected to participate in this study. They took part in a Nelson test of proficiency, and a critical reading comprehension test. They also completed a questionnaire, namely Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory (MARSI). Data analysis through Pearson Correlation Coefficient formula showed that there is a significant relationship between the students metacognitive awareness of reading strategies and their critical reading ability. The findings can have implications for EFL learners and teachers in developing an authentic, interactive and learner- centered environment in their reading classes. Key words: Learning strategies, Metacognition, Metacognitive awareness of reading strategies, Critical reading 1. Introduction The recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in developing critical thinking skills of students in order to improve their thinking and learning abilities and help them to succeed in their educational goals. Improving students critical thinking skills will help students: a) improve their thinking about their course work b) use sound thinking on tests, assignments, and projects in their courses c) have the strategic, analytical, problem solving, and decision-making skills they need when they are at college d) have the strategic, analytical, problem solving, and decision-making skills they need when they move to the workplace. The term critical thinking when used by educators has varied meanings in different contexts-whether in formal logic courses, where it has a precise meaning; when applied to arguments or in casual discussions in a faculty lounge about students struggles to grasp the course content, where the term is used more loosely to simply mean good thinking (Pierce, 2005). Before proceeding any further, an account will be provided as how critical thinking has been defined in literature: As stated by Thomson (1996), the critical thinking tradition, which derives from both philosophy and education, originates in the USA. Some of its foremost American proponents were John Dewey, Edward Glaser, and Steven Norris; in Britain, the name most closely associated with critical thinking is that of Alec Fisher. In Learning to Think: Disciplinary Perspectives (2002), Janet Donald (quoted in Keller 2008) presents a variety of approaches to thinking based on the work of different academic disciplines. She provides a working model of thinking processes in higher education in which she describes a perspective on different methods of inquiry. The working model offers a set of procedures followed by most disciplines, including: description, selection, representation, inference, synthesis, and verification. Under each topic on this inventory, then, she lists subtopics indicating their relation to the diverse inquiry methods she previously connected to academic areas. In a later summary of the most important thinking processes used generally across disciplines, she lists separately Identify the context and State assumptions, then reduces her previous set of common procedures to those of selection, representation, and synthesis. In Maclellan and Soden (2001, quoted in Keller 2008), we see the following set of critical thinking skills: a) unpacking concepts-ability to unpack or break down ideas, concepts or theories; b) recognizing contradictions-differentiating between viewpoints and counterarguments; c) development-explaining a phenomenon, joining ideas together to form lines of arguments; d) providing evidence-supporting or justifying assertions; e) examining implications of evidence-generating hypotheses about consequences or examining the relationships between key factors; f) alternative interpretation-questioning or challenging an interpretation of the evidence and offering an alternative. After the above review on what critical thinking is, now we turn to critical reading. A major issue in education today is the concern about students ability to read critically and to evaluate the material. Critical reading is taught as a sub-skill of comprehension with appropriate exercises. Critical reading enjoys several features which make it appear rooted in critical thinking. Among the features we can mention the followings listed by students counseling service of Salisbury University: a. previewing: Learning about a text before really reading it. b. contextualizing: Placing a text in its historical, biographical, and cultural contexts. c. questioning to understand and remember: Asking questions about the content. d. reflecting on challenges to your beliefs and values: Examining your personal responses. e. outlining and summarizing: Identifying the main ideas and restating them in your own words. f. evaluating an argument: Testing the logic of a text as well as its credibility and emotional impact. g. comparing and contrasting related readings: Exploring likenesses and differences between texts to understand them better. Furthermore, Burmeister (1986, qtd in Cherney 1986) defines critical-creative reading and thinking as requiring the skills of analysis, synthesis and evaluation. He adds that such cognitive abilities require readers or thinkers to reason using techniques of formal logic or at least to be consciously aware of the thought processes they are using. Analysis, according to Burmeister, requires the examination of parts of the whole; synthesis is the act of combining or unifying elements into a coherent whole and evaluation requires the establishment of standards and also a judgment as to the goodness of fit of the idea. Burmeister considers evaluation to be the highest level of the cognitive domain. (p.256) The researchers assume that metacognitive strategies are among the strategies which can foster critical thinking and hence reading. However, it sounds reasonable to ask why such a relationship is felt. To answer this question an attempt will be made to clarify metacognitive strategies. Sheorey and Mokhtari (2001) state that many studies recognize the role of meta-cognitive awareness in reading comprehension, whether one is reading in the native language or a second language. Indeed, the consensus view is that strategic awareness and monitoring of the comprehension process are critically important aspects of skilled reading. Such awareness and monitoring is often referred to in the literature as meta-cognition, which can be thought of as the knowledge of the readers cognition relative to the reading process and the self-control mechanisms they use to monitor and enhance comprehension. Auerbach and Paxton (1997) and Carrell et al. (1989), for example, consider meta-cognitive awareness-planning and consciously executing appropriate actions to achieve a particular goal-to be a critical element of proficient, strategic reading. Such meta-cognition, according to Auerbach and Paxton (1997), entails knowledge of strategies for processing texts, the ability to monitor compr ehension, and the ability to adjust strategies as needed (pp. 240-41). Furthermore, Taylor (1999) defines meta-cognition as an appreciation of what one already knows, together with a correct apprehension of the learning task and what knowledge and skills it requires, combined with the ability to make correct inferences about how to apply ones strategic knowledge to a particular situation, and to do so efficiently and reliably. (p.126) To increase their metacognitive abilities, students need to possess and be aware of three kinds of content knowledge: declarative, procedural, and conditional. Declarative knowledge is the factual information that one knows; it can be declared-spoken or written. An example is to know the formula for calculating momentum in a physics class (momentum = mass times velocity). Procedural knowledge is knowledge of how to do something, of how to perform the steps in a process; for example, knowing the mass of an object and its rate of speed and how to do the calculation. Conditional knowledge is knowledge about when to use a procedure, skill, or strategy and when not to use it; why a procedure works and under what conditions; and why one procedure is better than another. For example, students need to recognize that an exam word problem requires the calculation of momentum as part of its solution. (Paris, Cross and Lipson, 1984. qtd. in Pressley 2002). This notion of three kinds of knowledge applies to learning strategies as well as course content. When they study, students need the declarative knowledge that (1) all reading assignments are not alike; for example, that a history textbook chapter deals with factual information differs from a primary historical document, which is different from an article interpreting or analyzing that document. They need to know that stories and novels differ from arguments. Furthermore, they need to know that there are different kinds of note taking strategies useful for annotating these different types of texts. And (2) students need to know how to actually write different kinds of notes (procedural knowledge), and (3) they need to know when to apply these kinds of notes when they study (conditional knowledge). Knowledge of study strategies is among the kinds of meta-cognitive knowledge, and it too requires awareness of all three kinds of knowledge (Pierce, 2003). Many of the current studies recognize the role of awareness in reading comprehension. Reading strategies are of interest for the way readers use them to manage their interaction with the written text and how these strategies are related to text comprehension (Rigney, 1978). Reading in second language reading suggests that strategies improve reading comprehension. Reading strategies indicate how readers conceive a task, how they make sense of what they read and what they do when reading comprehension is difficult (Singhal, 2001). Indeed researchers agree that strategic awareness and monitoring of the comprehension process are critically important aspects of skilled reading. Such awareness and monitoring is often referred to in the literature as metacognition, which is used to monitor and enhance reading comprehension (Pressley and Afflerbach, 1995; Alexander and Jetton, 2000; Pressley, 2000). Recent researchers (Cohen, 1998, Anderson, 2002, Santana, 2003) show that the strategies that mark the true differences between effective and ineffective learners are the metacognitive strategies. In spite of the fact that many of the previous studies have obtained information about learners strategies and reading process, few of them have examined readers metacognitive awareness of reading strategies ( Singhal, 2001). Considering the important role of metacognitive reading strategies in reading comprehension with suspicious eye, this study is designed to investigate the relationship between metacognitive awareness reading strategies and critical reading ability and to view the notions of meta-cognitive awareness strategies and critical reading in the same horizon. For this purpose, we also need to have references to critical thinking because, as was mentioned above, critical reading roots in critical thinking. 1. 1. Statement of the problem For the improvement of critical reading, instructors should teach a variety of strategies that research has shown to be effective, like: generating questions and answering them, writing summaries, writing elaborations and using organizing strategies. The preceding strategies already seem to have been taken into account by Iranian teachers and learners. However, a potential problem in applying the mentioned strategies in reading comprehension can be the absence of meta-cognitive awareness about them. Hence, the researcher assumes that a set of meta-cognitive strategies can strengthen the above line of activity and foster the progress of critical reading. 1. 2. Research Question Is there any significant relationship between metacognitive awareness of reading strategies and critical reading ability? 3. Statement of the hypothesis The null hypothesis underlying this proposal is that there is not any significant relationship between meta-cognitive awareness of reading strategies and critical reading ability. 2. Method 2. 1. Participants A community sample of 130 male and female participated in this study in the second semester of 2010 majoring in English language literature and translation in Qom Islamic Azad University. They were all in their third and forth year. These students were asked if they would volunteer to participate in the study. Out of 130 participants who completed the questionnaires and tests, about 113 participants were accepted to participate in the study. 2. 2. Measure and Procedure The researchers visited the classes to administer one questionnaire and two tests. A total of 130 students were instructed to answer the proficiency test in one session and to the critical reading test and MARSI questionnaire at a later session. Students rated the items of MARSI, using a 5-point likert-type scale ranging from 1 (I never do this) to 5 (I always do this). From this population, some students were eliminated because they had not properly completed their questionnaires. The general proficiency test (Nelson test, 300 B) comprised 50 multiple-choice and vocabulary items. The total score of the test was 50 and one point was assigned to each correct answer. The critical reading comprehension test consisted of four passages with 4 or 5 multiple-choice items for each passage. So the 20 items were scored by one point for each correct answer. Then the score for all items were added and an ultimate score was calculated. The range of scores for this test was between 9 to 18. For scoring the Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory, the procedure proposed by Mokhtari Richad (2002) was used. A score was assigned to each answer which ranged from 1 to 5: never or almost never=1, occasionally=2, sometimes=3, usually=4, always=5. Then the scores for all items were added up and an ultimate score was calculated. The range of scores for this scale was between 46 to 146. 3. Data analysis To carry out the statistical analysis of the study, several statistical techniques were utilized: to calculate the reliability of the Nelson test, the Cronbach alpha (a) formula was utilized. In order to estimate the reliability of the critical reading comprehension test, the Cronbach alpha (a) formula was utilized. Considering the point that the participants will be assigned interval scores both for their meta-cognitive awareness and critical reading ability, the statistical analysis was Pearsons product Moment Coefficient of Correlation. Also, the reliability index of the translated version of MARSI was assessed by applying Cronbach alpha (a) formula. After administrating the instruments with the main subjects of the study and correcting the papers, the ultimate scores on critical reading comprehension test and MARSI were calculated and entered into SPSS. 3. Results In order to be certain of the homogeneity of the participants of the study in terms of language proficiency, a general language proficiency test (Nelson test) was utilized. The test was extracted from Nelson English language tests by W.S. Flower and Norman Goe (1976). It composed of 50 multiple choice grammar and vocabulary items. Through the pilot study, the reliability of the Nelson test was estimated and the following result was achieved: Table of reliability statisticsof the Language Proficiency Test (Nelson) Cronbachs Alpha N of Items .899 50 As it is noticed, the reliability of the Nelson test was estimated as .89 through the pilot study among 42 students, so the test enjoyed the acceptable reliability. The present study, also used a new self report measure, the Meta cognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory (MARSI) (Mokhtari Richard, 2002), which is designed to assess adolescent and adult readers awareness and perceived use of reading strategies while reading materials. According to the author of MARSI, the major purposes of developing of this inventory were to devise an instrument that would permit one to assess the degree to which a student is or is not aware of the various processes involved in reading and to make it possible to learn about the goals and intentions he or she holds with coping with reading tasks. As a result of employing this inventory, the second statistical procedure was to estimate the reliability of the translated version of Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory (MARSI) administered to the subjects in the pilot study. Table of reliability statistics of the translated version of MARSI Cronbachs Alpha N of Items .799 30 According to table 4. 2., the reliability index of the students answers to the MARSI, assessed by applying the Cronbach alpha (a) formula, was 0.79. In order to assess the participants ability in reading critically, a test of reading comprehension, extracted from a model TOEFL, was applied. The reliability of this test administered to the subjects in the pilot study was estimated to be: Table of reliability statistics of critical reading comprehension test Cronbachs Alpha N of Items .748 18 It is necessary to add that in order to validate the critical reading comprehension test, basically four steps were taken such as checking the content validity, face validity, criterion related validity, and construct validity. The procedure for each step can be found in the following in details. The test was compiled according to the recommendation of Alderson and Urquhart (1984). Four different texts were selected. The texts were found from among the materials suggested for preparation of language learners for TOEFL test. Of course it was evident that not any passage could qualify: the passages had to be of an independent entity and understandable without a larger context. However, the main principle in text selection was to find text types that Iranian students of English were likely to read critically. I also consulted my supervisor to ensure the content validity of the passages and also to get confident that the questions could not be answered without reading the passages critically. The texts found were also sent to my advisor to make sure if there were any specific issues to be reconsidered. At the end of each passage, four or five questions were asked. Answering to the questions would be almost impossible without reading the test critically. The text chosen represente d the following text types: a scientific text from a field relevant to Chemistry; a text containing materials about body language and communication; a passage about the sinking of the luxurious ship, Titanic ; a biographical passage about an influential citizen of the United States, John Muir. In addition to improving the test items through item analysis (item facility, item discrimination and choice distribution), the face validity of the test was examined in qualitative terms. The students in the pilot study were asked to state their reasons for estimating the reading test as being critical or not. The comments (40 students) were rather divided. Some disliked the test but many of them liked it. Those who liked it wrote that it required imagination, and cleverness and a few compared taking the reading test with doing philosophical reasoning. Those who disliked the test mostly argued that it required to test other abilities besides language proficiency (e. g. imagination). Some complained that the test was too difficult and that they could mainly perceive the structure of the sentences. For criterion related validity, the researcher followed the same procedure as Assar (2008). With the help of the Nelson language proficiency test and by running correlation between these sc ores and those obtained from the improved reading test, among 32 students who participated in the pilot study, the concurrent validity of the test was established with an index of 0.71. Finally the critical reading test was construct-validated. To this end, the researcher took a process oriented approach following the picture depicted by Hirano (2008) and devised a questionnaire based on the discussed issues found in the literature on critical thinking and reading. The questionnaire was piloted among 40 students. First, they took the critical reading comprehension test, and immediately after they were asked to answer the questions in the questionnaire. Through a frequency count, it was discovered that the test had led to a critical reading successfully. The following table shows the result of the students answers to the fifteen questions in the devised questionnaire by the researcher based on the discussed issues found in the literature on critical thinking and reading. The results in the Mean column show the average score for each of the fifteen questions calculated based on a liker scale for each question ranging from 0 to 3. Table of reliability statistics for the reliability of critical reading questionnaire Cronbachs Alpha N of Items .624 15 It is necessary to mention that after the reliability of the questionnaire for process validation of the reading comprehension test was calculated, the researcher tried to revise some of the questions. It is, therefore, hoped that further studies through the revised questionnaire will provide more reliable results. Finally we come to the research question, which was concerned with relationship between metacognitive awareness of reading strategies and critical reading ability of the students. To investigate this question, the Pearson product correlation coefficient was run. The result of statistics is presented in the following table: According to the above table, correlation is significant at the 0.01 level. By using Pearson product correlation coefficient formula, the correlation between the two variables was estimated as .70. That is, there is a significant relationship between metacognitive awareness of reading strategies (MARSI) and critical reading ability. The results have been illustrated in the following scatter plot graph: Graph/Scatter plot for Correlation coefficient between critical reading ability and meta-cognitive awareness of reading strategies The above scatter plot illustrates the correlation coefficient between critical reading ability and meta-cognitive awareness of reading strategies including 113 subjects. Variable 1 (Y axis) is related to meta-cognitive awareness of reading strategies in an interval scale up to 130; variable 2 (X axis) is related to critical reading ability in an interval scale from zero up to 20. 4. Discussion This study was an attempt to investigate the relationship between metacognitive awareness of reading strategies (MARSI) and critical reading ability of Iranian students majoring in fields of English translation and literature. The statistical results proved that there is a significant relationship between the two variables of metacognitive awareness of reading strategies and critical reading ability. So the present study has found evidence that good and poor students are significantly different in their awareness and perceived use of metacognitive strategies. That is, the more a student knows about how he learns, the better learner he will be. Therefore, helping students to be more aware of their metacognitive reading strategies plays an important role in not only developing their critical reading ability but also in their general reading comprehension ability. The results of this study can be compared and contrasted with those of other researchers. For instance, findings of the present study are in congruity with the study conducted by Parson (2002) whose major purpose of his study was to investigate the strength of the relationship between the use of metacognitive strategies and critical reading ability of the students. It was conducted, specifically, to test the effectiveness of a teaching procedure designed to improve critical reading ability by training students in metacognintive strategies. He discovered that the students who were instructed with this metacognitive training package (questioning, summarizing, predicting and speculating on the authors intended tone and purpose) should become more aware of their own mental processes and will demonstrate not only increased critical reading ability, but also increased general comprehension ability. Also, qualitative improvement noted in subjects strategy use provided sufficient evidence fo r further study into the effectiveness of this training procedure. Furthermore, the findings could indirectly support Icmezs (2009) findings who suggests that in a critical reading course, developing a competence in critical reading skills evokes curiosity and the novelty essential for students with high levels of proficiency. Finally, we can conclude that our findings here is in line with what Ajideh (2009) suggests, that poor readers in general lack effective metacognitive strategies and have little awareness on how to approach to reading. They also have deficiencies in the use of metacognitive strategies to monitor for their understanding of texts. In contrast, successful L2 readers know how to use appropriate strategies to enhance text comprehension. 5. Conclusion As mentioned previously, among the tools that students use to learn a second language, learning strategies have been given a crucial role in all academic studies. Language learning strategies have been known as a factor that differentiates successful language learning from unsuccessful language learning. In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the necessity to examine human personality in order to find solutions to the perplexing problems in language learning. It is evident that a student uses language learning strategies while he is under the influence of many linguistic, cognitive, and affective factors. Thus, such an intertwined network can provide an answer to the wide individual differences within the classroom. Also, the ability to critically analyze written materials has long been recognized as being crucial to the educational process. In this study, it has been tried to explore the relationship between metacognitive awareness of reading strategies and critical reading ability of the students. With respect to the research question, it was found that when the students show more metacognitive awareness of strategies, they can read more critically and therefore it is more probable that they score higher on reading comprehension test. Based on the results, it can be concluded that there is a meaningful relationship between the students metacognitive awareness of reading strategies and their performance on critical reading comprehension test. Therefore, metacognitive strategies could provide the missing link between cognitive processes and critical reading ability. Metacognition refers to ones awareness of and control over his/her own mental processes (Brown, 2007). Consequently, it is worth mentioning that the relationship demonstrated here is only part of a complex picture, which reveals just some of the factors operating in mind of our students that warrant investigation. It should be mentioned that language learners strategies and their effect in the process of learning is a highly complex issue. Therefore, metacognitive strategy awareness may not be just the only aspect of this achievement in learning; rather, we need to investigate other types of language learning strategies and look at what helps the students to increase their ability in achieving the best results. 6. Implications The present study has found evidence which supports previous research findings that demonstrated that good and poor students are significantly different in their awareness and perceived use of metacognitive strategies. That is, the more a student knows about how he learns, the better learner he will be. Therefore, helping students to be more aware of their metacognitive reading strategies plays an important role in not only developing their critical reading ability but also in their general reading comprehension ability. So based on the above results, the finding of the study can have implications for teachers in reading classes. To be more specific, training good readers means more than just improving their knowledge about language structure and general study skills, and it needs raising their awareness of metacognitive strategies for critical reading. Also the results in this study may have implications for reading comprehension assessment. As mentioned before, critical reading skills are essential for the students with high level of proficiency. That is the higher the level of proficiency, the higher the ability for critical reading. Therefore, one of the factors to be included in the assessment of language proficiency can be the ability to read critically especially at higher level of proficiency.

The Anarchiste in Walden Two by Skinner Essay -- Psychology

In this time we must fully realize the true origins of our society, not the so called â€Å"party line† they feed us. True, while few of us find sanctuary in hidden places, what place is there for we strangelings? Is absolute equality truly a good idea? In our new world, our Walden Two, we are taught from an early age to behave, to conform. From our glass cages at birth, to our debuts at age seven, to our eventual marriages, all we do is in the name of a peaceful, simple existence. We are taught that anger is not allowed, faith in God is not allowed, anything harmful is forbidden! I ask of you, is this truly a life, much less, a life worth living? Now life was not always like this. Life used to be full of emotions, both dark and light. Pain and suffering were not to be avoided, but embraced. Can we really create true art through the same emotions again and again? Can we have unique lives if, like our sheep, we only follow what the prior generation and the one ere that tells us what is and what is not? Shall we continue to spread out our message, this ‘true’ message of peace and simplicity? In our origins we survived alongside the old ways; we meant to keep ourselves separate. We were taught how to survive, how to function as the Waldenites taught us, alongside the supposedly troubled outside world. Our world knows not the beauty any longer that the old one held. We are base, functional creatures, only doing what we are told to in hopes of reward, in a hope of praise. However, if that is not given, do we really care? Is there a point in keeping our society as such, much less spreading this tale of peace and love and harmony? How this worked, none of us know. Did we slowly overtake the old ways? Did Frazier’s... ...on of the Anarchiste, we believe that man must feel pain, must know himself before others, must know his own pain and suffering to truly live. To reason out all of this jumbled mess; their utopia, their dreamland, is in essence flawed. The basis they reasoned from, while, in essence true, was poorly executed. The only end that a utopia can come to is disaster. Espicially in this, their Walden, where the individual is ignored and distroyed in favour of the greater good. Is this greater good, this ease of living worth the sacrafice of small bits of oneself? We, the Anarchiste stand by the fact that no, it is not, nor shall it ever be so. Pain and suffering are the basis of life, they are the measure by which we know we are truly alive, and more so, above the sheep in our pasture, the cattle in our dairy. Rebel, refuse, this drab non-life! Viva la Anarchiste! The Anarchiste in Walden Two by Skinner Essay -- Psychology In this time we must fully realize the true origins of our society, not the so called â€Å"party line† they feed us. True, while few of us find sanctuary in hidden places, what place is there for we strangelings? Is absolute equality truly a good idea? In our new world, our Walden Two, we are taught from an early age to behave, to conform. From our glass cages at birth, to our debuts at age seven, to our eventual marriages, all we do is in the name of a peaceful, simple existence. We are taught that anger is not allowed, faith in God is not allowed, anything harmful is forbidden! I ask of you, is this truly a life, much less, a life worth living? Now life was not always like this. Life used to be full of emotions, both dark and light. Pain and suffering were not to be avoided, but embraced. Can we really create true art through the same emotions again and again? Can we have unique lives if, like our sheep, we only follow what the prior generation and the one ere that tells us what is and what is not? Shall we continue to spread out our message, this ‘true’ message of peace and simplicity? In our origins we survived alongside the old ways; we meant to keep ourselves separate. We were taught how to survive, how to function as the Waldenites taught us, alongside the supposedly troubled outside world. Our world knows not the beauty any longer that the old one held. We are base, functional creatures, only doing what we are told to in hopes of reward, in a hope of praise. However, if that is not given, do we really care? Is there a point in keeping our society as such, much less spreading this tale of peace and love and harmony? How this worked, none of us know. Did we slowly overtake the old ways? Did Frazier’s... ...on of the Anarchiste, we believe that man must feel pain, must know himself before others, must know his own pain and suffering to truly live. To reason out all of this jumbled mess; their utopia, their dreamland, is in essence flawed. The basis they reasoned from, while, in essence true, was poorly executed. The only end that a utopia can come to is disaster. Espicially in this, their Walden, where the individual is ignored and distroyed in favour of the greater good. Is this greater good, this ease of living worth the sacrafice of small bits of oneself? We, the Anarchiste stand by the fact that no, it is not, nor shall it ever be so. Pain and suffering are the basis of life, they are the measure by which we know we are truly alive, and more so, above the sheep in our pasture, the cattle in our dairy. Rebel, refuse, this drab non-life! Viva la Anarchiste!

Nothing of Importance Happened Today Essay -- History Great Britain En

Nothing of Importance Happened Today On July 4, 1776, King George III of Great Britain wrote in his diary: â€Å"Nothing of Importance Happened Today†. Due to the length of time it took for news to reach London from America, King George could not have foreseen how ironic those words would become. The same could be said of those involved in the events surrounding the crash of an airborne object in Roswell, New Mexico on a hot July night in 1947. HOW IT BEGAN: A Crash in Roswell, New Mexico ON-THE-SCENE EYEWITNESSES DESCRIBE CRASH AND UNUSUAL WRECKAGE On the night of July 4, 1947, William Woody, who lived east of Roswell, was outside with his father at their ranch, when they saw a brilliant fiery object plunge to the ground (IUFOMRC). On the morning of July 8th, Roswell Sheriff George Wilcox, who along with W. W. â€Å"Mac† Brazell, found the crashed object on the J. B. Foster sheep ranch near Corona, 85 miles northwest of Roswell. Brazell, who lived on a nearby ranch, had notified the sheriff the day before about the crash (AJ). Wilcox called Major Jesse Marcel, Intelligence Officer at the nearby Roswell Army Air Force Base[1], informing him of his find. Marcel, joined by Sheriff Wilcox and Sheridan Cavitt, Counter-Intelligence Officer from the Roswell base, raced to investigate the crash site (Jaroff). Brazell, waited near the crash site while Wilcox, Marcel, and Cavitt investigated the crash site, and later reported that Wilcox described the crash site to him, including details of wreckage with undecipherable characters and markings on some of the debris, which had been scattered over a large area (IUFOMRC). Glenn Dennis was working as a mortician at Ballard Funeral Home in Roswell. Dennis reported receiving phone ... ...ork. 18 Feb. 1994. Fleck, John. â€Å"Bringing ‘Roswell Incident’ Back to Earth†. Albuquerque Journal. Tuesday, July 31, 2001. Handy, Bruce. â€Å"Roswell or bust: a town discovers manna crashing from heaven and becomes the capital of America's alien nation.† Time, June 23, 1997: p62. IUFOMRC: International UFO Museum and Research Center. â€Å"The Roswell Incident†. Jaroff, Leon. â€Å"Did Aliens Really Land?† Time Magazine, July 23, 1997. Megadeth. Hangar 18. Los Angeles, California: Capitol Records, 1992. Roswell Chamber of Commerce. â€Å"Roswell UFO Festival - 2002 - Calendar of Events† USAF: United States Air Force Web Information Service. â€Å"Roswell Report: Case Closed† June 24, 1997. [1] Prior to 1948, the United States Air Force was a branch of the United States Army, and at the time of the Roswell crash, was still known as the United States Army Air Force. Nothing of Importance Happened Today Essay -- History Great Britain En Nothing of Importance Happened Today On July 4, 1776, King George III of Great Britain wrote in his diary: â€Å"Nothing of Importance Happened Today†. Due to the length of time it took for news to reach London from America, King George could not have foreseen how ironic those words would become. The same could be said of those involved in the events surrounding the crash of an airborne object in Roswell, New Mexico on a hot July night in 1947. HOW IT BEGAN: A Crash in Roswell, New Mexico ON-THE-SCENE EYEWITNESSES DESCRIBE CRASH AND UNUSUAL WRECKAGE On the night of July 4, 1947, William Woody, who lived east of Roswell, was outside with his father at their ranch, when they saw a brilliant fiery object plunge to the ground (IUFOMRC). On the morning of July 8th, Roswell Sheriff George Wilcox, who along with W. W. â€Å"Mac† Brazell, found the crashed object on the J. B. Foster sheep ranch near Corona, 85 miles northwest of Roswell. Brazell, who lived on a nearby ranch, had notified the sheriff the day before about the crash (AJ). Wilcox called Major Jesse Marcel, Intelligence Officer at the nearby Roswell Army Air Force Base[1], informing him of his find. Marcel, joined by Sheriff Wilcox and Sheridan Cavitt, Counter-Intelligence Officer from the Roswell base, raced to investigate the crash site (Jaroff). Brazell, waited near the crash site while Wilcox, Marcel, and Cavitt investigated the crash site, and later reported that Wilcox described the crash site to him, including details of wreckage with undecipherable characters and markings on some of the debris, which had been scattered over a large area (IUFOMRC). Glenn Dennis was working as a mortician at Ballard Funeral Home in Roswell. Dennis reported receiving phone ... ...ork. 18 Feb. 1994. Fleck, John. â€Å"Bringing ‘Roswell Incident’ Back to Earth†. Albuquerque Journal. Tuesday, July 31, 2001. Handy, Bruce. â€Å"Roswell or bust: a town discovers manna crashing from heaven and becomes the capital of America's alien nation.† Time, June 23, 1997: p62. IUFOMRC: International UFO Museum and Research Center. â€Å"The Roswell Incident†. Jaroff, Leon. â€Å"Did Aliens Really Land?† Time Magazine, July 23, 1997. Megadeth. Hangar 18. Los Angeles, California: Capitol Records, 1992. Roswell Chamber of Commerce. â€Å"Roswell UFO Festival - 2002 - Calendar of Events† USAF: United States Air Force Web Information Service. â€Å"Roswell Report: Case Closed† June 24, 1997. [1] Prior to 1948, the United States Air Force was a branch of the United States Army, and at the time of the Roswell crash, was still known as the United States Army Air Force.